tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-63941412101111794182024-02-20T13:24:57.691-08:00AfrizalAfrizalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11657629620690721858noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6394141210111179418.post-65592479172137666242012-01-18T05:41:00.000-08:002012-01-18T05:41:19.606-08:00Pengujian Kekerasan<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="FI">2.1 Tujuan Pengujian</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui angka kekerasan suatu bahan</span></b><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan panas terhadap kekerasan bahan.</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui salah satu cara pengukuran<span> </span>kekerasan</span></b><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span>2.2 Teori Dasar Pengujian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span><span> </span>Dalam ilmu metalurgi terdapat teori–teori tentang sifat mekanik logam termasuk kekerasan Karena hal tersebut erat hubungannya dengan praktikum pengujian kekerasan maka sebaiknya kita dapat memahami teori tersebut.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span>2.2.1 Definisi Kekerasan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span><span> </span>Kekerasa adalah kemampuan suatu bahan untuk menahan tusukan (penetrasi) benda yang lebih keras dari luar, dapat dikatakan kemampuan untuk menahan deformasi plastis. </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3.9pt;"><b><span>2.2.2 Metode Pengujian Kekerasan </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span><span> </span>Secara garis besar pengukuran kekerasan dibagi menjadi 3 jenis, yaitu :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 7.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.9pt;"><b><span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span>Resistance to Cutting or Abration yaitu dengan cara Morh’s, Pengukuaran kekerasan dilakukan dengan menggoreskan suatu material dengan mineral standar yang telah diketahui nilai kekerasannya. Urutan kekerasan mineral berdasarkan cara Mo’s adalah :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Talk <span> </span>6.<span> </span>Feldspar</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Gips <span> </span>7.<span> </span>Kwarsa</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Kalsit <span> </span>8.<span> </span><span> </span>Topas</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Fluorite <span> </span>9.<span> </span>Titanium</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Apatik<span> </span>10.<span> </span>Intan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Skala Moh’s jarang digunakan dalam pengujian bahan karena interval skalanya yang tinggi. Sehingga hasilnya kurang tepat, terutama untuk logam. Logam umumnya memiliki skala Moh’s 4-8</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Resistance to Indentation yaitu dengan cara :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Cara Brinell</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 50.1pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Pengukuran ini dilakukan dengan cara menekan secara tegak lurus menggunakan bola baja (sebagai Identor) yang sudah diketahui diameternya pada permukaan benda uji. Bekas yang ditimbulkan diukur dan kekerasannya dihitung dengan rumus :</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US">BHN</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="222" /></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Pengujian kekerasan dengan cara brinell biasanya menggunakan Electrical Brinell hardness Tester (mesin uji kekerasan brinell) </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><b><span lang="IT">Seperti gambar di bawah ini :</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><img alt="brinell" height="282" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="236" /></span><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV">Gambar 2.1 Mesin Uji Kekerasan Binell</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV">Sumber : Lab. </span><span lang="EN-US">Pengujian Bahan Universitas Brawijaya</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><img height="190" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="165" /></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Gambar 2.2 Brinell Test</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>Untuk mendapatkan hasil yang akurat, pengukuran harus dilakukan pada permukaan yang datar. </span></b><b><span lang="SV">Terak dan kotoran pada permukaan benda sangat mempengaruhi hasil pengukuran.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Cara Vickers</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Prinsipnya sama dengan pengujian Brinell, hanya saja menggunakan indentor yang berbentuk piramid beralas bujur sangkar dngan sudut puncak antara dua sisi berhadapan 136 <sup>o</sup>, tapak tekan berbentuk bujur sangkar. Beban yang diberikan antara lain 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100 atau 120 kg. Angka kekerasan dinyatakan oleh :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 162pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US">VHN = </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="position: relative; top: 9pt;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="45" /></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><img height="172" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="159" /></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Gambar 2.3 Vickers Test</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -3.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.8pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>Cara Vickers merupakan cara pengujian kekerasan yang paling sensitive. Cara ini memilliki satu skala kontinyu untuk semua material dan angka kekerasan Vickers<span> </span>tergantung dari beban yang diberikan. Sangat memungkinkan sekali penggunaan beban yang ringan pada pengujian cara Vickers oleh karena itu cara ini bisa digunakan untuk pengujian kekerasan pada material yang tipis sampai 0,005in.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Cara Rockwell </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Cara Rockwell menggunakan </span></b><b><span>prinsip yang sama dengan cara Brinell hanya saja indentor yang dipakai ada 2 jenis dan berukuran lebih kecil daripada indentor pada Brinell. </span><span lang="EN-US">Indentor yang digunakan yaitu :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="SV"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV">Menggunakan keucut intan, dengan sudut puncak 120 <sup>o</sup>, ujung agak bulat, berjari - jari 0,2 mm.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan bola baja bediameter <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">1/16 </span>in, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">1/8 </span>in, ¼ in, dan <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">1/2</span>in.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>Rumus yang digunakan HRC = </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="position: relative; top: 9pt;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="62" /></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><img height="113" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" width="171" /></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Gambar 2.4 Rockwell Test</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><b><span lang="SV">Dalam cara Rockwell terdapat beberapa skala yaitu A sampai V. Masing – masing skala memiliki beban serta indentor tersendiri dan digunakan untuk kebutuhan tertentu. Skala A digunakan untuk material yang sangat keras, skala B untuk material dengan kekerasan medium , skala C untuk material dengan kekerasan rendah, dan seterusnya sampai skala V untuk plastic dan soft metal seperti timbal. Terdapat juga superficial Rockwell untuk menguji spesimen yang tipis sampai 0,006 in dan juga untuk powdered metal.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Elastic Hardness yaitu dengan cara Share Scleroscop</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><b><span>Disebut juga sebagai metode pantulan. </span><span lang="EN-US">Pengujian</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">dengan menggunakan intan Tipped Hommers (palu hitam) yang dapat dinaikkan pada ketinggian tertentu </span></b><b><span>dan </span><span lang="EN-US">dijatuhkan secara bebas pada permukaan logam. Setelah menyentuh permukaan, intan akan memantul. Ketinggian pantulan menunjukan kekerasan yang diukur. Semak</span></b><b><span>i</span><span lang="EN-US">n tinggi pantulan menunjukkan kekerasan yang semakin besar. Prinsipnya adalah konversi energi dari energi potensial menjadi energi kineti</span></b><b><span>k</span><span lang="EN-US">, sebagaian energi diserap oleh </span></b><b><span>material</span><span lang="EN-US"> dan sisanya menyebabkan terjadinya pantulan. </span></b><b><span>Energi yang diserap sebenarnya menunjukkan resilience. Yaitu energi yang dapat diserap oleh material pada daerah elastik nya. Keuntungan dari cara ini adalah peralatan kecil dan bekas penetrasinya kecil, sehingga hampir tidak merusak bahan yang diukur.</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><img height="215" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" width="164" /></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Gambar 2.5 Shore Schleroscop Test </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="SV">2.2.3 Faktor – Faktor yang mempengaruhi kekerasan.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Kekerasan suatu material logam dipengaruhi oleh beberapa hal diantaranya :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Kadar Karbon</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;"><b><span lang="FI">Semakin tinggi kadar karbon, maka logam akan semakin keras namun rapuh. </span></b><b><span>Kadar k</span></b><b><span lang="FI">arbon sebesar 0,6 – 1%</span></b><b><span> merupakan kadar karbon yang sangat berpengaruh pada kekerasan logam. Setelah lebih dari 1% maka kadar karbon tidak berpengaruh pada nilai kekerasannya. </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Unsur paduan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Unsur paduan akan mempengaruhi sifat mekanik baja, beberapa unsure paduan yang terdapat pada baja beserta pengaruhnya pada sifat mekanik antara lain:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 90pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Nikel, fungsi:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 106.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Meningkatkan kekuatan dan kekerasan baja</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 106.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Meningkatkan ketahanan korosi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 106.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Meningkatkan keuletan dan tahan gesek</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 90pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Chromium, fungsi:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 106.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Menambah kekerasan baja</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 106.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Membentuk karbida</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 106.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Menambah keelastisan, sehingga baik buat pegas</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 90pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Mangan, fungsi:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 106.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Meningkatkan kekerasan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 106.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap suhu tinggi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 106.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Membuat baja mengkilap</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 2cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Perlakuan panas</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Pengaruh perlakuan akan mempengaruhi kekerasan logam tergantung dari perlakuan apa yang diberikan. </span></b><b><span lang="SV">Annealing akan menurunkan kekerasan baja. Hardening akan meningkatkan kekerasan baja. Tempering akan menurunkan kekerasan baja dibawah perlakuan </span></b><b><span>panas </span></b><b><span lang="SV">Hardening</span></b><b><span>. Normalising akan meningkatkan kekerasan baja dibandingkan keadaan awal baja atau baja tanpa perlakuan panas.</span></b><b><span> </span></b><b><span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span>4.<span> </span>Bentuk dan dimensi butir</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span><span> </span>Material dengan ukuran butir kecil akan memiliki kekerasan yang tinggi sedangkan butir besar akan memiliki kekerasan yang rendah. Material dengan butir halus akan memiliki kekerasan tinggi dibandingkan dengan material dengan butir kasar.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Bernard MT Condensed","serif";">BAB.DIAGRAM FASE (MATERI Ir.DWI HERU.S,MT)</span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><u><span>Bahan Berfasa tunggal dan ganda</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span>Banyak jenis logam yang digunakan secara meluas tapi hanya terdiri dari satu fasa. Seperti logam murni logam murni komersial satu komponen contohnya ; kawat listrik dari tembaga, aluminium untuk rumah tangga dan seng lembaran untuk saluran air atap bangunan.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span><span> </span>Bisa juga untuk menambah kekuatan ditambah dengan logam lain seperti kuningan dan perunggu, paduan antara tembaga dan seng, tembaga dan timah putih</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span>Paduan adalah : logam fasa tunggal bila batas larutnya tidak dilampaui.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span>Sifat paduan fasa tunggal : </span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.3pt;"><b><span><span> </span><span> </span>Sifat paduan berbeda dengan sifat logam murninya, karena untuk kuningan peningkatan kekuatan dan kekerasan karena adanya atom-atom terlarut menghambat pergerakan dislokasi dalam kristal sewaktu deformasi plastis. Ketidak murnian sedikit saja akan mengurangi daya hantar listrik dan daya hantar panas.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.3pt;"><br />
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</td> <td><img height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" width="7" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: -22;"><span style="height: 435px; left: 129px; position: absolute; top: -33px; width: 521px;"><img height="435" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="521" /></span></span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 11px; left: 0px; margin-left: 327px; margin-top: 1px; position: absolute; width: 7px; z-index: 2;"><img height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" width="7" /></span><b><span><span> </span>0,4<span> </span>Ag<span> </span>Mg</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span><span> </span><span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 11px; left: 0px; margin-left: 285px; margin-top: 29px; position: absolute; width: 7px; z-index: 4;"><img height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="7" /></span><b><span><span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span><span> </span><span> </span>(Watt/m<sup>2</sup>)</span> </b><b><span><span> </span>0,3<span> </span><span> </span></span><span> </span></b><b><span>Al</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 11px; left: 0px; margin-left: 275px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 5;"><img height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" width="12" /></span><b><span>(<sup>o</sup>C/mm)<span> </span><span> </span>Mg</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 11px; left: 0px; margin-left: 254px; margin-top: 5px; position: absolute; width: 7px; z-index: 6;"><img height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="7" /></span><b><span><span> </span>kuningan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 11px; left: 0px; margin-left: 238px; margin-top: 7px; position: absolute; width: 7px; z-index: 7;"><img height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" width="7" /></span><b><span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>perunggu</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 11px; left: 0px; margin-left: 228px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 7px; z-index: 8;"><img height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="7" /></span><b><span><span> </span><span> </span>0,2<span> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></b><b><span><span> </span>Fe</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 11px; left: 0px; margin-left: 217px; margin-top: 11px; position: absolute; width: 8px; z-index: 9;"><img height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" width="8" /></span><b><span><span> </span><span> </span>Pb</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span><span> </span>0,1<span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span><span> </span>0<span> </span>50<span> </span><span> </span>100</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span><span> </span><span> </span>Daya hantar listrik σ, 10<sup>6 </sup>ohm<sup>-1</sup> m<sup>-1</sup></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span>Pemrosesan Paduan fasa Tunggal.</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span>Pross permulaan yang dialami logam adalah pengecoran. Dalam keadaan cair logam-logam tersebut dimurnikan secara kimia, untuk menghilangkan ketidak murnian. Pada paduan seperti kuningan dan perunggu seng atau timah putih ditambahkan pada tembaga cair, pada keadaan cair Zn atan Sn dapat bercampur secara merata. Proses berikutnya logam cairan dimasukkan dalam cetakan dan dibiarkan membeku. Cetakan dapat berupa ingot maupun benda akhir jika diperlukan pengolahan lanjutan berupa pengerjaan mekanik menjadi batang, kawat, pipa, pelat, benda tempa, dan sebagainya.</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><u><span>Keseimbangan Bahan Berfasa ganda</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span>Sekarang beralih dari logam berfasa tunggal ke bahan berfasa ganda. Kita akan mempelajari penggunaan diagram fasa serta kegunaannya:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -39pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>n<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span>Untuk meramalkan fasa apa yang berada dalam keseimbangan untuk komposisi paduan tertentu pada suhu yang telah ditentukan.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 166.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -162.6pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>n<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span><span> </span>Untuk menentukan komposisi kimia setiap fasa.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 166.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -162.6pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>n<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span>Untuk menghitung kuantitas dari setiap fasa yang ada.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -39pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>n<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span>Untuk merancang penggunaan khusus/mengetahui stabilitas bahan bila merancang produk untuk lingkungan tertentu.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span>Banyak sekali bahan teknik yang terdiri dari satu fasa akan tetapi banyak pula yang terdiri dari beberapa fasa seperti Baja, timah pateri, Batu gerinda, cat dan plastik. Campuran yang terdiri dari dua fasa atau lebih memungkinkan terjadinya interaksi antar fasa, dan sifat yang dihasilkan umumnya berbeda sifat masing-masing fasa, juga merubah sifat tersebut dengan merubah bentuk atau distribusi fasa-fasa tadi. </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><u><span>Laruta dan Campuran</span></u></b><b><span> :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span>Komposisi larutan banyak ragamnya karena :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21pt;"><b><span><span>a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span>Atom dapat digantikan oleh atom lainnya pada letak kisi dari struktur fasa.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21pt;"><b><span><span>b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span>Atom dapat menempati tempat sisipan dalam struktur</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span>Suatu campuran mengandung lebih dari satu fasa (pola struktur ) contoh pasir dan air, karet dengan bahan pengisi karbon, carbida tungsten dengan pengikat cobalt.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span>Batas Daya Larut :<span> </span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span><span> </span>Kurva daya larut dibawah antara gula dalam air. Semua komposisi yang berada disebelah kiri garis lengkung hanya membentuk satu fase, karena gula seluruhnya larut dalam air membentuk sirop. Bila kadar gula tinggi sebelah kanan garis lengkung tidak mungkin dapat melarutkan gula seluruhnya. Hasilnya kita akan dapatkan campuran dari dua fasa, gula padat dan sirop cair. (contoh ini memperlihatkan hubungan daya larut dan suhu dan memperlihatkan suatu cara yang mudah untuk menggambarkan suhu (atau variabel lain) sebagai fungsi komposisi.<span> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 347px; left: 0px; margin-left: 166px; margin-top: 13px; position: absolute; width: 486px; z-index: -13;"><img height="347" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" width="486" /></span><span style="height: 330px; left: 0px; margin-left: 589px; margin-top: 32px; position: absolute; width: 56px; z-index: 11;"><img height="330" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" width="56" /></span><b><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></b><b><span><span> </span>100</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="22" width="563"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
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</tbody></table></span><b><span> </span></b></div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Batas daya larut<span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span><span> </span>Suhu <sup>o</sup>C</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span><span> </span>50<span> </span><span> </span>Larutan cair (sirop)<span> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></b><b><span>Cairan </span><span> </span></b><b><span>+</span></b></div>Afrizalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11657629620690721858noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6394141210111179418.post-21997647714014665932012-01-15T01:50:00.000-08:002012-01-15T01:50:22.204-08:00Perlakuan-Perlakuan pada Perbaikan Mutu Bahan<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="Section1"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="FI"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="FI">Perlakuan Panas/heat treatment dengan kondisi equilibrium :</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI">Tujuan : sehingga akan menghasilkan Struktur micro yang mendekati diagram fase.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="FI">Anaeling :</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI">Adalah proses laku panas yang sering dilakukan terhadap logam maupun paduan untuk memperoleh tujuan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="FI"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI">Melunakkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="FI"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI">Menghaluskan butir kristal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="FI"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI">Menghilangkan tegangan dalam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="FI"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI">Memperbaiki machinability</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="FI"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI">Memperbaiki sifat kelistrikan/kemaknitan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="SV">Full Anaeling :</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Contoh memanaskan baja sampai keatas temperatur kritis (untuk baja Hypoeutektik 25-50 C diatas temperatur kritis A) Untuk baja Hyper 25-50C diatas temperatur kritis A1, kemudian diikuti dengan pendinginan yang cukup lambat. Karena pendinginan yang cukup lambat ini maka kondisi sanat dekat dengan keadaan equilibrium, sehinga proses sesuai diagram equilibrium( Besi Carbiada (Fe – Fe3C). Jika panas terlalu tinggi maka butiran kristalnya akan jadi besar, sehingga sifat menjadi kurang baik. Sehingga perlu dihaluskan dengan Anaeling.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="SV">Normalising :</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Contoh memanaskan baja lebih tinggi dari temperatur kritis (untuk baja Hypoeutektik 25-50 C diatas temperatur kritis A3) Untuk baja Hyper 25-50C diatas temperatur kritis A1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Tujuan : mempunyai struktur mikro lebih halus, akan mempunyai yield streng ultimate streng, kekerasan, impact yang lebih tinggi dari pada diperoleh dari full anaeling.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="SV">Spheroidising :</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Baja hipereutectoid yang dianeling mempunyai struktur yang terdiri dari perlit yang terbungkus jaringan sementit, sehingga mempunyai machina bility rendah. Sehingga lapisan sementit harus dihancurkan dengan spheroidising. Perlakuan hingga temperatur kritis atau dibawah sedikit. Sehingga lapisan sementit ekan hancur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="SV">Laku Panas Dengan kondisi non equilibrium :</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Yaitu laku panas yang dilakukan pendinginan yang sangat cepat. Sehingga struktur mikro yang dihasilkan tidak equilibrium.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Tujuan dari perlakuan ini adalah untuk memunyai kekerasan tertentu sehingga baja dapat diubah struktur mikronya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV">Perlakuan ini tergantung pada : </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.9pt;"><span lang="SV"><span> </span>-jenis media pendinginnya (panas jenisnya, konduktivitas panasnya)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">-Temperatur media pendingin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">-Kuatnya sirkulasi/olahan pada media pendingin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Bila baja berhubungan dengan atmosfer yang oksidising dalam dapur pemanas: Maka akan terbentuk lapisan kulit yang terjadi diper-mukaan dari oksida besi disebut Scale, tipis(0,005inc) dapat mempengaruhi pendinginan yang terjadi.<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI">Ada beberapa cara untuk mencegah terjadinya Scale :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="FI"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI">Copper platting: melapiskan tembaga pada permukaaan benda<span> </span>sebagai pelindung terhadap atmosfer,mencegah terbentuk scale.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="FI"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI">Protective atmosfer (memasukkan gas yang tidak bereaksi pada baja, gas-gas tersebut(hidrogen,ammoniak,methan dan propan).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="FI"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI">Liquid solid poth (salt bath) pemanasan dalam garam yang dicairkan yang bersifat netral pd baja. Kemudian baja tersebut dicelupkan pd cairan tersebut. Sehingga netral tidak teroksidir.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="FI"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI">Cast Iron Cips,Baja dipanaskn ditimbun dengan keping-keping besi tuang, sehingga oksigen yang masuk dapur lebih dulu bereaksi dengan besi tuang, sehingga tidak mencapai bajanya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="SV">Pengerasan Pada Permukaan :</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV"><span> </span>Pengerasan ini disebut Case Hardening : yaitu laku panas hanya terjadi pada permukaannya saja. Dengan demikian lapisan permukaan mempunyai kekerasan yang lebih tinggi, sedang bagian yang lebih dalam tetap seperti semula dengan kekerasan rendah tapi keuletan/ketangguhan yag cukup tinggi. Sehingga pada pengerjaan kerja mesin menjadi ringan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="SV">Ada lima cara pengerasan yang dilakuakan :</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="SV"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV">Carburising</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="SV"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV">Nitriding</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="SV"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV">Cyanidding atau carbonitriding</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="SV"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV">Pengerasan Api (flame Hardening)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="SV"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV">Pengerasan Induksi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Carburising :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Pengerasan yang sudah lama dilakukan dan paling murah, yaitu pengerasan dengan penambahan kadar karbon, caranya carbon didi-fusikan melalui permukaan baja dan dilanjutkan dengan quenching </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Pada proses Carburising ada dua perlakuan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="SV"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV">Penambahan karbon </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="SV"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV">Pengerasan dengan cara lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI">Dengan senyawa kimia<span> </span>gas carburising :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI">2C<span> </span>+ O2<span> </span>-------</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span><span lang="FI"><span> </span><span> </span>2 CO</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">2 CO<span> </span>------</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>CO2<span> </span>+ Cat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Atau dengan : BaCO3<span> </span>----</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>BaO<span> </span>+<span> </span>CO2 </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Liquid Qarburising<span> </span>:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Campuran NaCN (Sodium Cianida) dan KCN (Potassium Cyanida)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT-BR">2NaCN<span> </span>+<span> </span>O2<span> </span>---</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span><span lang="PT-BR"><span> </span>2 NaCNO</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT-BR">4 NaCNO<span> </span>---</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span><span lang="PT-BR"><span> </span>2 NaCN<span> </span>+<span> </span>2Na2CO3 + 2Nat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">2CO<span> </span>--</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>CO2<span> </span>+<span> </span>Cat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="EN-US">Pengerasan (Quenching) </span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Setelah permukaan sudah cukup carbon maka prosen dilakukan dengan Quenching, untuk diperoleh kekerasan yang cukup tinggi </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="EN-US">Nitridimg </span></u></b><span lang="EN-US">: dilakukan dengan memanaskan baja didalam dapur dengan atmosfer yang mengandung nitrogen aktif, yang akan berdiffusi kedalam baja membentuk nitride. Nitrida yang terbentuk sangat keras dan stabil, nitrogen aktif diperoleh dari ammoniak NH3 yang dipanaskan pada temperature : 500-600 C yang akan berdissosiasi menjadi nitrogen aktif dan gas hydrogen:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">2 NH3<span> </span>------</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>2 Nat<span> </span>+ H2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Benda kerja tidak akan mengalami retak/distorsi, tegangan sisa, stabil, kekerasan tidak berubah, tahan aus, sifat kelelahan jadi baik. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="EN-US">Cyaniding: </span></u></b><span lang="EN-US">jika dalam liquid carburizing yang diserap adalah kadar carbon, dalam Cyaniding dan carbonitriding adalah kadar Nitrid dan carbon lebih seimbang. Dengan salt bath 25-45 % NaCN pemanasan 550-600 C holding time 3-30 menit diperoleh kulit tipis 0,02-0,04mm yg punya kekerasan tinggi dan tahan aus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="EN-US">Flame Hardening</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US"> : komposisis kimia tidak berubah. Pengerasan hanya memanaskan pada permukaan, dengan menyemburkan api dengan intensitas tinggi ke permukaan(Dengan brander las). </span><span lang="SV">Kemudian benda kerja dicelupkan kedalam air atau minyak. Kekerasan tergantung dari kadar karbon bajanya dan tebal kulit.<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="SV">SIFAT MEKANIK BAHAN.</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.3pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="FI">NO.</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="FI">SIFAT/KARAK- TERISTIK</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.2pt;" valign="top" width="80"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="FI">LAM-BANG</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 168.95pt;" valign="top" width="225"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="FI">DEFINISI</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.55pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="FI">SI</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.85pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="FI">BRITANIA</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.3pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">1.</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Tegangan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.2pt;" valign="top" width="80"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">S</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 168.95pt;" valign="top" width="225"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Gaya/Satuan luas</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.55pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Pascal</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">(N/m<sup>2</sup>)</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.85pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Psi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Lbf/in<sup>2</sup></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.3pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">2</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Regangan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.2pt;" valign="top" width="80"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">E</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 168.95pt;" valign="top" width="225"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Fraksi Deformasi (ΔL/L)</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.55pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">--</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.85pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">--</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.3pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">3</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Modulus Elastisitas</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.2pt;" valign="top" width="80"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">E</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 168.95pt;" valign="top" width="225"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Tegangan/regangan elastis</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.55pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">pascal</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.85pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Psi</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.3pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">4.</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Kekuatan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.2pt;" valign="top" width="80"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">--</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 168.95pt;" valign="top" width="225"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Tegangan pada waktu gagal Patah/putus</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.55pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Pascal</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.85pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">--</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.3pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">5</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Kekuatan luluh</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.2pt;" valign="top" width="80"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Sy</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 168.95pt;" valign="top" width="225"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Ketahanan terhadap deformasi plastis awal </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.55pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">pascal</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.85pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Psi</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.3pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">6.</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Kekuatan tarik</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.2pt;" valign="top" width="80"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">St</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 168.95pt;" valign="top" width="225"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Ketahanan maksi-mum berdasarkan ukuran mula </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.55pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">--</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.85pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Psi</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.3pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">7.</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Keuletan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.2pt;" valign="top" width="80"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">--</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 168.95pt;" valign="top" width="225"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Besarnya deformasi plastik sampai patah</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.55pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">--</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.85pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">--</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.3pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">8.</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Perpanjangan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.2pt;" valign="top" width="80"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">e<sub>f</sub></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 168.95pt;" valign="top" width="225"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">(L<sub>f</sub>-Lo)/L<sub>f</sub></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.55pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">--</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.85pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">--</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.3pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">9.</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Ketangguhan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.2pt;" valign="top" width="80"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">--</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 168.95pt;" valign="top" width="225"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Energi yang diperlu-kan sehingga perpatahan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.55pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">joule</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.85pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Ft-lb</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.3pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">10.</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Kekerasan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.2pt;" valign="top" width="80"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">--</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 168.95pt;" valign="top" width="225"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Ketahanan terhadap deformasi plastik</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.55pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">--</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.85pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Satuan britania</span></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 496.8pt;" valign="top" width="662"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="SV">Tegangan S (Stress) : adalah gaya persatuan luas </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 496.8pt;" valign="top" width="662"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Regangan e (Strain) : </span></b><b><span lang="SV">besar deformasi persatuan panjang</span></b><b><span lang="FI"></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 496.8pt;" valign="top" width="662"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Modulus Elastisitas(Young) : Perbandingan antara tegangan S dan regangan e</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 496.8pt;" valign="top" width="662"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI"><span> </span>Kekuatan : Tegangan pada waktu patah</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 496.8pt;" valign="top" width="662"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Kekuatan luluh Sy Yild Strength : Besar gaya pada saat luluh dibagi luas penampang</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 496.8pt;" valign="top" width="662"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="SV">Kekuatan tarik : adalah gaya maksimum dibagi dengan luas penampang mula</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 496.8pt;" valign="top" width="662"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Keuletan : tidak berdimensi, adalah persentasi perpanjangan.</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 496.8pt;" valign="top" width="662"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Ketangguhan : suatu energi yang diperlukan untuk mematahkan bahan.</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 496.8pt;" valign="top" width="662"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="FI">Kekerasan (hardness) : Ketahanan bahan terhadap penetrasi pada permukaannya </span></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 392px; margin-left: 363px; margin-top: 8px; position: absolute; width: 308px; z-index: -34;"><img height="392" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="308" /></span><span style="height: 392px; margin-left: 25px; margin-top: 10px; position: absolute; width: 309px; z-index: -35;"><img height="392" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="309" /></span><b><span lang="FI"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 239px; margin-left: 461px; margin-top: 37px; position: absolute; width: 39px; z-index: 34;"><img height="239" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="39" /></span><span style="height: 75px; margin-left: 434px; margin-top: 0px; position: absolute; width: 67px; z-index: 7;"><img height="75" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="67" /></span><span style="height: 270px; margin-left: 28px; margin-top: 10px; position: absolute; width: 59px; z-index: 3;"><img height="270" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="59" /></span><span style="height: 2px; margin-left: 25px; margin-top: 12px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 4;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="12" /></span><b><span lang="EN-US">St<span> </span>X<span> </span>St</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 46px; margin-left: 398px; margin-top: 15px; position: absolute; width: 41px; z-index: 6;"><img height="46" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="41" /></span><span style="height: 207px; margin-left: 360px; margin-top: 30px; position: absolute; width: 43px; z-index: 5;"><img height="207" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="43" /></span><b><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>Yp</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="36" width="461"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td><img height="74" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="2" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><b><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>Regangan , e<span> </span>Regangan, e<span> </span><span> </span></span></b></div></div><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 392px; margin-left: 14px; margin-top: 15px; position: absolute; width: 309px; z-index: -16;"><img height="392" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="309" /></span><span style="height: 392px; margin-left: 347px; margin-top: 14px; position: absolute; width: 309px; z-index: -25;"><img height="392" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="309" /></span><b><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></b><b><span lang="PT-BR">Sesungguhnya</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="19" width="412"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td><img height="42" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="158" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><b><span lang="PT-BR"> </span></b></div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 248px; margin-left: 138px; margin-top: 34px; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 18;"><img height="248" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="46" /></span><span style="height: 61px; margin-left: 391px; margin-top: 5px; position: absolute; width: 122px; z-index: 13;"><img height="61" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="122" /></span><span style="height: 2px; margin-left: 425px; margin-top: 26px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 14;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 36px; margin-left: 59px; margin-top: 23px; position: absolute; width: 126px; z-index: 12;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" width="126" /></span><span style="height: 2px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 12px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 9;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="12" /></span><b><span lang="PT-BR">S<span> </span>Pe rpanjangan<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>S</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="1" width="12"><br />
</td> <td width="63"><br />
</td> <td width="63"><br />
</td> <td width="4"><br />
</td> <td width="203"><br />
</td> <td width="53"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="17"><br />
</td> <td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="top"><img height="241" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" width="63" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="100"><br />
</td> <td colspan="3"><br />
</td> <td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="top"><img height="225" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="53" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="86"><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="86" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" width="4" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="38"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="1"><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><b><span lang="PT-BR"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="PT-BR"><span> </span>Regangan, e<span> </span><span> </span>Regangan, e</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 391px; margin-left: 342px; margin-top: 5px; position: absolute; width: 309px; z-index: -15;"><img height="391" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="309" /></span><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="17" width="317"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td><img height="299" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" width="293" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="height: 392px; margin-left: 25px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 308px; z-index: -26;"><img height="392" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="308" /></span><b><span lang="PT-BR"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="ES">K<span> </span>230mm– 75 mm<span> </span>Baja<span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; z-index: 22;"><span style="height: 59px; left: 70px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 46px;"><img height="59" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" width="46" /></span></span><span style="height: 59px; margin-left: 226px; margin-top: 7px; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 25;"><img height="59" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" width="46" /></span><b><span lang="ES">E</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 122px; margin-left: 96px; margin-top: 25px; position: absolute; width: 15px; z-index: 27;"><img height="122" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="15" /></span><span style="height: 122px; margin-left: 65px; margin-top: 25px; position: absolute; width: 15px; z-index: 26;"><img height="122" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" width="15" /></span><b><span lang="ES">K</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 168px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 25px; z-index: 29;"><img height="168" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" width="25" /></span><span style="height: 168px; margin-left: 226px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 20px; z-index: 28;"><img height="168" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" width="20" /></span><b><span lang="PT-BR">U</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 52px; margin-left: 430px; margin-top: 21px; position: absolute; width: 73px; z-index: 33;"><img height="52" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" width="73" /></span><b><span lang="PT-BR">A<span> </span><span> </span>Kuningan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 211px; margin-left: 363px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 236px; z-index: 32;"><img height="211" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" width="236" /></span><b><span lang="PT-BR">T</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 113px; margin-left: 346px; margin-top: 14px; position: absolute; width: 87px; z-index: 31;"><img height="113" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" width="87" /></span><b><span lang="PT-BR">A</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 60px; margin-left: 65px; margin-top: 4px; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 23;"><img height="60" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.gif" width="46" /></span><b><span lang="PT-BR">N</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 59px; margin-left: 226px; margin-top: 4px; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 24;"><img height="59" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" width="46" /></span><b><span lang="PT-BR">T</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="PT-BR">A<span> </span>200 mm- 50mm<span> </span>Besi cor</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="PT-BR">R</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="SV">I<span> </span><span> </span>Panjang Ukur<span> </span><span> </span>Perpanjangan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="SV">K</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="SV"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Bilangan Kekerasan Brinell</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><u><span lang="SV">SIFAT-SIFAT MEKANIK :</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="SV">SIFAT-SIFAT UTAMA :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="SV"><span> </span>-- MAMPU BENTUK<span> </span>-- MAMPU MESIN<span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="SV">-- <span> </span>MAMPU STABILITAS LISTRIK<span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="FI"><span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="FI"><span> </span>-- MAMPU KETAHANAN KIMIA<span> </span>-- MAMPU SIFAT RADIASI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="SV">CONTOH KENDARAAN BERMOTOR TERDIRI BERBAGAI MACAM BAHAN :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="SV">MOBIL terdiri :Besi/baja, karet, gelas, plastik </span></b><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span></b><b><span lang="SV">baja ada 200modifi-kasi<span> </span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span></b><b><span lang="SV"><span> </span>Baja untuk roda gigi transmisi harus mudah dibentuk dan memiliki sifat tangguh.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="FI">Spat bor</span></b><span lang="FI"> : Dibuat dari logam yang mudah dibentuk akan tetapi juga mempunyai ketahanan deformasi impak yng tangguh. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="FI">Demikian juga kabel-kabel</span></b><span lang="FI"> listrik harus tahan terhadap suhu yang berbeda, dan semikonduktor harus memiliki karakteristik arus dan tegangan yang tetap untuk jangka waktu yang lama.<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="FI">Sudah banyak ditemukan barang –barang baru seperti transistor, microprosessor</span></b><span lang="FI">, tanpa tersedianya bahan yang sesuai bahan ini tidak mungkin bahan ini bisa dibuat.<span> </span>Dengan ditemukannya sinar laser, maka sebelumnya ditemukan bahan-bahan kristal dan gelas yang baru. Demikian juga dengan mesin-mesin turbin gas mengalami kemajuan pesat tetapi diperlukan juga bahan yang lebih murah dan lebih tahan terhadap pengruh suhu tinggi untuk sudu-sudu turbin.</span></div>Afrizalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11657629620690721858noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6394141210111179418.post-26862154384252976982011-10-30T01:49:00.000-07:002011-10-30T01:55:09.429-07:00Teknologi Bahan<div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 0in 2pt;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 1pt;"></span><span lang="EN-US"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Baja </span></b></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> Baja kasar mengandung banyak karbon, maka getas. Untuk memperoleh baja, karbon dikeluarkan (makksimal 2%) dan menambahkan unsure lain</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Ada 3 macam proses :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Proses Oxy</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Besi kasar dimasukkan kedalam reaksi, dialiiri O2 murni. O2 ini membakar besi dan unsure lainnya. Panas yang timbul besar sekali, sehingga perlu ditambahkan serpihan-serpihan baja dari luar untuk pendingin. Kapasitas 250 Ton</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Siemen martin</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Panas untuk proses diberi dari luar dengan pembakaran gas atau minyak. Jalan peleburan dan reaksi lamban, tetapi mudah dikontrol. Kapasitas 250 ton</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja elektro</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Panas untuk melebur dan mereduksi diperoleh dari busur listrik antara karbon batangan dan isi tungku. Kualitas sangat tinggi.kapasitas 300 ton</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja konstruksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Kadar karbon 0 – 0,3 %</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Kadar karbonnya rendah maka liat, renggang besar. Mudah diubah bentuknya. Mudah dilas, tak mudah disayat karena litany, bentuk asalnya tidak bagus. Dipakai pada pagar, jembatan rangka atap, Derek dsb.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja mesin</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Kadar karbon 0,3-0,6%</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Lebih kuat dank eras disbanding baja konstruksi. Mudah disayat dan tidak mudah dilas. Jenis ini sukar diubah bentuknya, renggangnya lebih kecil disbanding baja konstruksi. Dipakai untuk bagian-bagian mesin misalnya roda gigi, as, pasak-pasak, kopling, dll. Baja ini dikeraskan dan dimuliakan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja alat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Untuk alat pukul kadar karbonnya 0,6-0,9%</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Baja ini dipakai dalam keadaan dikeraskan dan dimuliakan baja keras dan liat. Gunanya untuk bor, palu, pahat, tang dll.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Untuk perkakas sayat (karbon 0,4-1,2%)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in;"><span lang="EN-US">Baja ini keras dan liat. Gunanya untuk gunting, pisau, gergaji dll.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Untuk alat ukur (karbon 1,2-1,5%)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in;"><span lang="EN-US">Baja ini harus tahan terhadap keausan, jadi harus sekeras mungkin. Keliatan tidak diperlukan, karena beban tidak besar. Gunanya : mistar ingsut, kikir.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja tuang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Kadar karbon 0,15-0,35 %</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Lebih kuat dan liat dari besi tuang biasa, susut tuang , titik lebur tinggi, ditambah Mn untuk menaikkan kekuatan tanpa mengurangi keliatan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Besi Tuang</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Besi tuang abu-abu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bidang patah berwarna abu-abu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Grafit berupa cerah-cerah kelabu. Adanya celah ini mengakibatkan terjadinya konsentrasi tegangan sehingga kuat tarik rendah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Modulus elastisitas tarik rendah, karena adanya celah-celah sehingga kelihatannya regangan besar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span lang="EN-US">Gunnanya untuk kepala silinder, motor diesel, penyangga jembatan dll.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Besi tuang putih</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bidang patah berwarna putih</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Grafit terdapat dalam bentuk cementite</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Keras (karena adanya grafit sebagai cementite) sehingga hanya dapat dikerjakan dengan mengasah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tahan ausan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Didapat dengan pendinginan menndadak dengan Mn yang tinggi kadar silicon rendah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span lang="EN-US">Gunnanya : bola canai, pelat-pelat tahann aus, ujung garden</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Besi tuanng noduler<br />
a. mudah dituang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span lang="EN-US">b. harga relative murah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span lang="EN-US">c. dibuat dengan menambahkan Mg(dalam bentuk paduan) ke bahan dasar murni (besi kasar yang kotorannya hanya sedikit). Proses peleburan dengan busur listrik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span lang="EN-US">d. grafit terpisah dalam bentuk bulat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Besi tuanng yag dapat ditempah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span lang="EN-US">Besi tuanng putih mengandung karbon dalam benuk cementite. Karbon ini dapat ditransformasikan. Pada transformasi, ada dua hal sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Karbon bergerak kepinggiran benda dan hilang (keluar dari benda tuang), jenis ini disebut besi tuang murni.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Karbon melepas diri dari cementite, membentuk karbon bebas. Jenis ini disebut besi tuang muda.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><u><span lang="EN-US">Besi tuang murni</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US">Karbon telah keluar dari benda tuang sehingga benda tuanng murni. Bahan ini lat (karena tidak ada cementite dan kuat karena tidak adanya lamel-lamel). Dapat dibentuk (karena regangan besar), oleh karena itu dapat ditempa. Kadar karbon kecil sehingga sifat mekanik hampir seperti baja.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><u><span lang="EN-US">Besi tuang muda</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US">Karbon melepaskan diri dalam bentuk repih-repih. Repih lebih menguntungkan daripada lamel. Repih tersebut diseluruh badan, sehingga lebih kuat dan liat, maka dapat ditempa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><u><span lang="EN-US">Sifat-sifat dari besi tuang yang merugikan</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kekuatan rendah. (kec besi murni dan besi tuang muda)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Getas. (kec besi murni, muda dan noduler)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tak dapat dilas (kec besi tuang murni)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pemijaran mahal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><u><span lang="EN-US">Sifat-sifat yang menguntunngkan</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Penyusutan kecil pada penuangan, karena rongga rongga grafit (kec bs tuang murni ddan muda)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mudah dituang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sifat luncur yang baik, karena rongga2 grafit berfungsi sebagai minyak, selain grafit sendiri mempunyai efek pelumasan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Harga murah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mudah dikerjakan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mudah dikeraskan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tahan korosi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><b><span lang="EN-US">LOGGAM-LOGAM BUKAN BESI</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tembaga</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Massa jenis 8900 kg/m3. Titk lebur 1083 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">o</span><span lang="EN-US">C</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Penghantar yang baik untuk panas dan listrik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tahan korosi. TL 1357,7 K. titik didih 2835 K.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tembaga murni mudah dibentuk (cocok untuk bahan perapat)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sukar dilas (karena penghantar panas sehingga panas sukar terkumpul)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak dapat dipotong (disayat)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak dapat dituang, sebab waktu dalam keadaan cair menyerap gas, waktu dingin berpori-pori. (diamagnetic)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">h.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dapat dilas dan ditarik dingin, karena renggangan besar. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span lang="EN-US">Susunan electron 28,18,1 , sifat keelektronegatifannya 1,9</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Penggunaan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Industry (tahan korosi)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Alat-alat (konduktor) , barang kebutuhan rumah tangga, aksesoris</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in;"><span lang="EN-US">Apabila keracunan Cu dapat merusak hati, ginjal, system saraf otak</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Paduan-paduan tembaga :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Perunggu : Cu dan Sn (Sn max 20%)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in;"><span lang="EN-US">Supaya mudah dihitung ditambah Zn dan Pb (Contoh Perunggu universal)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in;"><span lang="EN-US">Cu : 85%, Zn : 5%, Sn : 5%</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in;"><span lang="EN-US">Gunanya ubtuk bantalan, pitting pipa, mur poros, roda gigi cacing, baling-baling kapal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in;"><span lang="EN-US">Sifat mudah dituang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kuningan : Cu dan Zn (Zn max 40%)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mudah dituang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mudah ditempah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tahan korosi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in;"><span lang="EN-US">Gunanya ekstrusi kuningan, kran gas, kran air kempaan panas, dll</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in;"><span lang="EN-US">Keistimewaan : mempunyai valensi 1, 2, 3, 4. Masing2 dapat membentuk pengoksida</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Monel : Cu 30% + Ni 67% + Fe</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in;"><span lang="EN-US">Sifat : warna putih, tahan korosi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in;"><span lang="EN-US">Gunanya : instalasi air, sanitasi air</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Timbal (Timah Hitam)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span lang="EN-US">Sifat :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Massa jenis 11350 Kg/m3</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Titik lebur 327 oC</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kekuatan rendah, tidak dapat dipakai sebagai bahan kontruksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Merayap karena beratnya sendiri</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tahan korosi, baik penutup atap, alat2 indusrtri kimia</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berat jenis besar, dipakai untuk pemberat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tahan sinar radioaktif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">h.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Peredaan yang baik terhadap suara dan getaran</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak larut dalam logam lain</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">j.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Titik lebur rendah dipakai sebagai patri dan bahan bantalan (sebagai pelumas darurat)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aluminium</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Massa jenis 2700 Kg/m3. Termasuk logam ringan. (mssa jenis < 5000)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Titik lebur 658 oC</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kekuatan aluminium rendah. Dinaikkan dengan age hardening</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tahan korosi (baik untuk dinding luar, bingkai jendela dll)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak beracun (dipakai untuk panci), dan tidak berbau</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tahan terhadap zat-zat kimia (dipakai sebagai industry kimia)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Penghantar listrik yang baik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">h.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tak dapat dituang, karena susutnya besar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mudah ditempa dan digilas</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">j.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tak dapat dilas</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><u><span lang="EN-US">Paduannya :</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Duraluminium (Al+Cu)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">(Cu 5%, Sn 4,5%, Zn 4,5% dan Mg 2,5%)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Massa jenis 2800 Kg/m3.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tak dapat dilas, harus dikeling</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tahan terhadap korosi berkurang dibandingkan Al, maka bagian luar dilapisi aluminium</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span lang="EN-US">Gunanya : bagian pesawat terbang</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Silumin</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Paduan Al + Sn(12-13%)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kekuatan lebih kecil dari duraluminium</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dapat dituang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tahan korosi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in;"><span lang="EN-US">Gunanya : torak, kepala silinder, peleg dll</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Alumag</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tahan korosi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Banyak digunakan dalam arsitektur</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Magnesium</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Massa jenis 1740 kg/m3</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Titik lebur 650 oC</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kekuatan rendah (Mg murni tidak berarti apa-apa), Mg selalu dipakai dalam paduan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mudah terbakar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak tahan korosi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span lang="EN-US">Sebagai konstruksi dipakai sebagai bahan pesawat, mobil balap. Juga dala industry petasan, lampu kilat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Titan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Massa jenis 4500 kg/m3</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Titik lebur 1668 kg/m3</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sangat kuat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tahan panas (sampai suhu 5000 oC)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tahan korosi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sukar disayat, sukar dituang, diremas</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sangat mahal (karena ongkos pembuatannya yang mahal) pembuatan dari dalam bijih dilebur dalam vacuum</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 1in;"><i><span lang="EN-US">Gunanya untuk penyambung tulang dan pesawat ruang angkasa</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Nikel</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Penting untuk ketahanan terhadap korosi (tahan terhadap larutan soda kausatik, sedikit asam dan netral). Tahan juga terhadap stress corrosion</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak tahan terhadap sulfur</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Liat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak tahan terhadap larutan yang mengandung oksidator</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><i><span lang="EN-US">Gunanya untuk industry bahan makanan</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Molybden</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tahan terhadap HF, HCl, H2SO4</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Teroksidasi dalam HNO3</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Merupakan MoO3 (Volatile) di udara pada suhu 1300 oF</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Modulus elasisitas tinggi sekali</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tahan benturan (disbanding baja)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Chrom</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada baja alat, struktur halus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pengerasan mudah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dapat ditempa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kuat, tahhan ausan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tahan korosi (oleh lapisan pasifasi)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Warna bagus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><i><span lang="EN-US">Gunanya lapisan pada looga lain, inhibitor korosi</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Wolfram</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Titik lebur sangat tinggi dibanding semua logam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada suhu tinggi tetap kuat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tahan asam dan basa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tetap keras pada suhu tinggi dan putaran cepat (pada baja pelat)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><i><span lang="EN-US">Gunanya antara lain untuk filament pada lampu listrik</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mangan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span lang="EN-US">Pada baja tuang dan baja kontruksi menaikkan kekuatan tarik tanpa mengurangi keliatan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u>Pemberian Nama Pada Baja</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Baja paduan bisa didefinisikan sebagai baja berbeda dari penyusun-penyusunannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Ternary steel adalah baja yang sifatnya tergantung dari adanya tambahan elemen dari luar, selain karbon dan besi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Quarternary steel adalah baja yang sifatnya tergantung dari dua elemen lain</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u>Ternary alloy</u></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.75in;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja nikel</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja tembaga</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja mangan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja molybden</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja silicon</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja chrom</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US">g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja wolfram</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US">h.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja vanadium</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><u><span lang="EN-US">Quarternary Steel</span></u></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.75in;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja chrom nikel</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja chrom silicon</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja chrom vanadium</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja chrom aluminium</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja chrom molybden</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja aluminium chrome</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US">g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja chrom wolfram</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US">h.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Baja nikell molybdenum</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Elemen-elemen pencampur ini dibedakan menjadi dua golonngan. Golongan pertama yang membentuk carbide, missal : mangan, chrom, wolfram, molybden, dan vanadium.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Golongan yang kedua yang tidak membentuk carbide : nikel, silicon, Cu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Paduan lebih dari dua elemen dapat dibuat, yaitu dengan heat treating.</span></div>Afrizalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11657629620690721858noreply@blogger.com0